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AIDS in the Modern World
Theories concerning the origin from the AIDS epidemic happen to be plentiful since doctors first noticed the disease, in five gay men in La almost 30 years ago. Some were entirely unscientific: including, God was punishing homosexuals. Others were grounded to numerous degrees in science: A contaminated hepatitis B vaccine tested in gay men ended up being to blame. A campaign through the World Health Organization to eradicate smallpox had somehow awakened dormant HIVs which had long infected people harmlessly. The CIA had concocted the virus in a lab,[url=http://monclerjacketsoutlet.albirank.net/][b]http://monclerjacketsoutlet.albirank.net/[/b][/url], or it came from space, or from a distantly related cow virus which had contaminated a variety of vaccines. Scientific research in the field of epidemiology would eventually pick with the various speculations,[url=http://parajumpersonline.webmium.com/][b]Kodiak Jackets Online PARAJUMPERS[/b][/url], accusations, and rumors, leaving us having a more defined path of origin of HIV-AIDS today.
It's now generally accepted that HIV is really a descendant of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) because certain strains of SIV's have a very close resemblance to HIV-1 and HIV-2, both kinds of HIV. HIV-2 corresponds to some strain of SIV based in the sooty mangabey (also known as the White-collared monkey),[url=http://duveticaukoutlet.halod.com/][b]Duvetica Jackets UK Outlet Duvetica Down Jackets For Men Store[/b][/url], that is native to western Africa. The more virulent,[url=http://merrellfootwearsizechart.webmium.com/][b]http://merrellfootwearsizechart.webmium.com/[/b][/url], pandemic strain of HIV, HIV-1, wasn't directly linked with a strain of SIV until 1993,[url=http://giuseppezanottioutlets.webmium.com/][b]Giuseppe Zanotti shoes outlet sale[/b][/url], when two seperate SIV infections of wild common Chimpanzees from Gabon were confirmed by researchers in the International Center for Medical Research of Franceville, in the country of Gabon, West Africa.
In 1999 researchers in the University of Alabama announced that they found a type of SIVcpz that was almost just like HIV-1. Within their article,[url=http://parajumpersonline.webmium.com/][b]PJS Jackets Shop Sale[/b][/url], published inside a 2001 edition from the journal Nature, they concluded that wild common Chimpanzees had been infected simultaneously with two SIV's which hybridized to create a third unique virus. This virus could be forwarded to other chimps, and was able to infecting humans, a process called zoonotic transfer. They deemed the hybridization happened inside chimps that had become infected with both strains of SIV after they hunted and killed two smaller species of monkey. Additionally they concluded that all three subgroups of HIV-1 - group M, N and O - came from the SIVcpz based in the common Chimpanzee (reaffirming evidence from 1993), and that each group represented a separate crossover event from chimps to humans.
Here are some of the more plausible theories about how exactly this zoonosis took place, and how SIV became HIV in humans:
In this scenario, SIV was transferred to humans as a result of primates being killed and eaten or their blood engaging in cuts or wounds on bushmeat hunters . Normally a persons recipients immune system would have fought off SIV, but on a few occasions it adapted itself within its new human host and became HIV-1. The fact that there have been several different early strains of HIV, each having a slightly different genetic make-up (the most common of which was HIV-1 group M),[url=http://woolrichoutletitalia.albirank.net/][b]Woolrich Giacche Outlet online Italia Woolrich Piumini Vendita italy[/b][/url], would support this theory: every time it passed from a chimpanzee to a human, it might have developed in a slightly different way within his/her body, and thus produced a rather different strain. An article published in The Lancet in 2004, also shows how retroviral transfer from primates to hunters continues to be occurring even today. Inside a sample of 1099 individuals in Cameroon , they discovered ten (1%) were infected with Simian Foamy Virus (SFV), an illness which was previously thought simply to infect primates. Each one of these infections were believed to happen to be acquired through the butchering and consumption of primate bushmeat. An increasing number of epidemiologists are now with an outright ban on bushmeat hunting to avoid multiplication of simian viruses to humans.
Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) theory
Some other rather controversial theories have contended that HIV was transferred iatrogenically (via medical interventions). One particularly well-publicized idea is the fact that polio vaccines played a role within the transfer. Within the book "The River", by Edward Hooper, it is suggested that HIV can be traced towards the testing of the oral polio vaccine called Chat,[url=http://duveticaukoutlet.halod.com/][b]Duvetica UK[/b][/url], provided to approximately one million people in the Belgian Congo, Ruanda and Urundi in the late 1950's. To be reproduced, live polio vaccine must be cultivated in living tissue, and Hooper's belief is that Chat was grown in kidney cells obtained from local Chimpanzees have contracted SIVcpz. This, he claims, might have resulted in the contamination of the vaccine with Chimpanzee SIV,[url=http://rogervivieroutlets.webmium.com/][b]Discount Roger Vivier Shoes[/b][/url], having a many people subsequently becoming infected with HIV-1. Some facts contest Hooper's theory: the oral administration from the vaccine would seem insufficient to result in infection in most people (the liner from the throat and mouth generally act as good barriers towards the virus). In 2000 the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia (one of the original manufacturers of the Chat vaccine) discovered a vial of polio vaccine that were included in this program. The vaccine was analyzed and in 2001 it had been announced that no trace have been found of either HIV or chimpanzee SIV. A second analysis confirmed that only macaque monkey kidney cells,[url=http://rogervivieroutlets.webmium.com/][b]roger vivier discount for Discount Roger Vivier Shoes Roger Vivier Flats Roger Vivier Sale[/b][/url], which can't be have contracted SIV or HIV, were used to make Chat. This does not necessarily disprove the OPV theory,[url=http://duveticamen.blogspot.com/][b]duvetica men[/b][/url], as the discovery of a vial from one pool of numerous batches of the vaccine does not account for the entire variance in a vaccination utilized by over 1 million people.
In the 1950s, the use of disposable plastic syringes became commonplace around the world as a cheap, sterile method to administer medicines. However, to African health care professionals focusing on inoculation programs, the huge quantities of syringes needed could have been very expensive. Therefore, it is possible, otherwise likely, that certain single syringe would have been accustomed to inject multiple patients with no sterilization between. This could rapidly have transferred any viral particles from one person to another, creating huge possibility of the virus to mutate and replicate in each new individual it entered.
The colonialism,[url=http://woolrichdeutschland.gengfl.com/][b]Woolrich Deutschland Woolrich Arctic Jacket Online Shop Damen and Herren outlet deutschland[/b][/url], or "Heart of Darkness" theory was initially proposed in 2000 by Jim Moore, a primatologist who published his findings in the journal AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. Throughout the late 19th and early Twentieth century, much of Africa was ruled by colonial forces. In areas for example French Equatorial Africa and also the Belgian Congo, colonial rule was particularly harsh and many Africans were forced into labor camps where sanitation was poor, food was scarce and physical demands were extreme. These factors alone could have been sufficient to produce illness in anyone, so SIV could easily have infiltrated the labor force and taken benefit of their weakened immune systems to become HIV. A stray and perhaps sick chimpanzee with SIV could have been an additional source of food for that workers to make use of within their survival. Moore also believes that lots of from the laborers would have been inoculated with unsterilized needles against diseases such as smallpox (to keep them alive and dealing), which many of the camps actively employed prostitutes to maintain the employees happy, creating numerous possibilities for onward transmission. A large number of laborers might have died before they even developed the first symptoms of AIDS, and people who did get sick would not have stood out as any different in an already disease-ridden population. Even when they had been identified,[url=http://discountmerrellshoes.webmium.com/][b]discount merrell barefoot shoes discount merrell shoes online shop[/b][/url], all evidence (including medical records) the camps existed was destroyed to cover up the truth that a staggering 50% of the local population were destroyed there. One final factor Moore uses to aid his theory, is the fact that the labor camps were set up at about the time that HIV was first believed to have passed into humans - the first part of the Twentieth century.
Up to now, scientific study has found SIV viruses in nearly 24 primate species. If these viruses have repeatedly jumped from nonhuman primates to human beings through zoonotic transfer, you have the frightening possibility of new epidemics in waiting. Although the United States alone spends about $2 billion annually on AIDS research,[url=http://duveticaoutlet.albirank.net/][b]duvetica duvetica jackets outlet duvetica sport jacket duvetica mens clothing sale[/b][/url], the bulk of this amount rightly goes toward the search for possible ways to avoid and treat HIV infections; perhaps $1 million is allocated to investigations in to the epidemic's origin. The few individuals who have committed themselves towards the inquiry have done so at great risk, professionally and sometimes physically. People who conduct research in Africa must deal with crumbling infrastructure that forces them to move in a maddeningly slow pace, must contend with the ever-present disruption and danger of civil war, and must hope to avoid more information on infectious diseases, one of which recently took the life of a prominent biologist.
Using HIV-1 sequences preserved in human biological samples together with estimates of viral mutation rates,[url=http://giuseppezanottioutlets.webmium.com/][b]2013 Giuseppe Zanotti shoes outlet sale Giuseppe Zanotti Sneakers[/b][/url], scientists calculate that the jump from chimpanzee to human probably happened during the late 19th or early Twentieth century, a time of rapid urbanization and colonization in equatorial Africa. Exactly when the zoonosis occurred isn't known. Some estimates claim that HIV-1 (group M) entered a persons population in early 20th century, probably between 1915 and 1941. A study published in 2008, analyzing viral sequences recovered from a recently-discovered 1960 biopsy along with previously-known sequences, suggested a common ancestor between 1884 and 1924.相关的主题文章：

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